Cross-cultural management Hofstede.
Every time a major aircraft accident, would have attracted worldwide attention. In the "heterogeneous - not the same as the success of Revelation", the American people Jamaican Gladwell refers to a bizarre theory: Koreans over collectivism, is the main cause of Korean Air crash. 1988 to 1998, Korean Air's aircraft loss rate of 4 per million. .79 Aircraft. However, the findings of people stunned and frequent accidents have little to do with the performance of the aircraft, but flight staff communication mechanism between the inexplicable to failure - and in a plane crash before the plane had issued a black box record 14 times alarm, but ignored.。 How to reach it? United States National Transportation Safety Board to help it find the crux of the problem: Korean high power distance index resulted in Korea the flight due to poor communications on.
Hofstede later wrote a "cultural importance", said the countries low power distance index, the power will make people feel embarrassed to own it, and these people are always trying to lay low. .
Officials of high-profile or profile and there is no absolute cultural merits, in fact, is the power distance index. Recently called us for something about Mayor "NA" isolation, it is this "low-key" culture among typical, go shopping at the supermarket is also the Prime Minister of Sweden. As a result of the H1N1 quarantined USA New Orleans Mayor sit in economy class, do not tell anyone he was the Mayor — don't forget the time of the earthquake in beichuan "help me, I was a Secretary", were buried under the ruins still identity profile.
Many successful people have one characteristic that they can openly express their needs and ideas, adhere to the principle should be upheld, regardless of the face is great, or group pressure. This may be personal power distance index it! . .
Cross cultural management and development.
Genuine cross-cultural management as a science, 70 in the late 20th century, the United States gradually formed and developed. It is in the cross-cultural study of how to overcome the heterogeneous conditions of cultural conflicts, fruitful management, aimed to the cultural atmosphere in Butongxingtai Zhong Sheji a viable organizational structure and management mechanisms, the best way Peizhiqiye Zi Yuan Ge Li , in particular mining and utilize the maximum potential and value of human resources to maximize improve the overall efficiency of enterprises. .
The rise of this study is the direct cause of the United States after World War II TNCs transnational operation. American management circle always think that they will manage a system theory of finishing and summarizes their first proposed the idea of scientific management, they are the first to bring this idea to management practices and to achieve a substantial increase in productivity, so their management theory and management practice there is no doubt that should be universally applicable. However, after World War II American multinational business practice makes this view has been challenging. . .
In addition, Japan in the 1960s and early 1970s, the success of the enterprise management is also the rise of cross cultural management studies. During this period, the Japanese multinational companies and joint venture management is becoming increasingly apparent shows on American and European companies of superiority, in this case the United States also clearly felt the pressure, Japan has had a research and study in Japan. . If too much emphasis on the United States, such as technology, equipment, methods, regulations, organization, financial analysis of these hard factors, while Japan more Zhuchongzhuru goals, objectives, beliefs, norms and values of factors such as these soft-Mei Guoren emphasis on economic Studies point to consider management issues, while Japan is even more emphasis on treatment from a sociological point of view the management of the Americans in the management to pay attention to the scientific factors, the Japanese pay more attention in the management factor is the philosophy and so on. The results clearly show that the Japanese did not copy the United States to manage the management system, but on a more appropriate to their culture and environment management systems.。 The results of this study found that the cultural and intercultural management behavior becomes more popular.
Cross-Cultural Management - Hofstede's four dimensions. .
The Netherlands Institute for Cultural Association gilte · Hofstede (Geert Hofstede), with 20 languages from the attitudes and values in the collection of 40 countries, including from worker to PhD and senior management, and total 116,000 questionnaire survey on the basis of the data and wrote the famous "culture," a book of endings. According to research results, Holbrooke thinks: culture is in an environment of people a common psychological process, not an individual feature, but rather have the same education and life experience of many people have in common psychological procedures. Different groups, regions or countries elect. . .
Avoidance index), individualism and collectivism (individualism versus.
collectivism) and male and female degree degree (masculine versus feminality). .
Individualism (CI).
Society, the relationship between individuals and groups. .
Uncertainty avoidance (UA).
Typical things to different risk reactions. .
Hough Stitt model.
The right distance (PD). .
Equality between people's expectations.
Hofstede Cultural four-dimensional model. .
Male: degrees (MF).
Self-confidence, gender, role expectations. .
Hough stante of culture under such a definition: the so-called "culture" is in the same environment of people with a mental process of "common." Therefore, culture is not a personal characteristic, but rather have the same social experience, many of the same educational common psychological procedures. Different groups in different countries or regions, this is a total of mental process, because they have been affected by a variety of education, has a different social and work, and thus have different ways of thinking.
First, power distance (power..
distance)。.
Power from an organization that is among the leading powers of concentration and the extent of dictatorship and a society in the extent to which such organizations can accept the unequal distribution of power in the enterprise which can be understood as between employees and managers social distance. Whether a culture is big or small power distance power distance, certainly within the power from the social values of the members of different sizes reflected. Therefore, the values of members of society, a society can determine the power gap acceptance. .
For example, the United States is a relatively small distance from the power of the State, the United States employees tend to not to accept the concept of administrative privileges, the lower is considered superior is "a person like me." Therefore, in the United States, workers and management, relations between more equitable and more harmonious, employees are better at learning, progress, and surpass ourselves and achieve personal values.
China's relatively speaking, of power from the larger countries, where status symbols Feichangzhongyao, superiors have the privileges to be considered as a matter of course should be of, this privilege contribute greatly superior to the subordinate powers of Shi Shi. These features clearly not conducive to harmonious relations between employees and managers to create and keep employees in the enterprise learning and progress. Therefore the enterprises in China to adopt "Building staff and harmonious relationship between management" and "work for the staff to provide learning opportunities which enable them to continue to progress," the two humanistic policies, managers need to practice, consciously reduce the distance between the internal power, would better achieve management objectives. .
What is power distance index? it refers to a specific culture value and respect for authority, hereinafter referred to as PDI (PowerDistanceIndes) is determined by the Dutch psychologist Doggett · Hofstede. In the high power distance index of countries, the only listener enough emphasis on the deeper meaning of the speaker, the communication can be effectively carried out — that is to say that you need to speak both have enough time to guess the meaning behind each other.
Hofstede's four dimensions of the main considerations is the analysis from a social perspective the impact of culture on the organization, he was given full consideration to power, environmental, and social importance attached to the female, through the power away from this dimension, determine the power in unequal distribution of social and organizational level. On this dimension, all countries because of the significance of empowerment are not identical, so there are significant differences.。.
Comparison Program. .
Distance from the "great powers" of the basic features of the culture.
Power distance, "small" the basic characteristics of the culture. .
Awareness of the power.
Beyond good and evil power is the basic fact that has nothing to do with legitimacy. .
The power is legitimate, and subject to the constraints of goodwill tell.
The attitude of the hierarchy. .
Level is the actual inequalities; persons in positions of privilege; powers of the owner and do not possess the power of potential conflict.
Everyone should have equal rights; level is established to facilitate the different roles; right and right to a potential harmony between. .
On the level of the order..
Strict hierarchical order, the owner should have the power to maximize the performance of power. .
Level differences should be reduced to a minimum; the power status of the person should try to create the impression of power, that is better than they actually have the power to small.
Trust in others. .
Others are potential threats to power almost cannot be trusted.
At different positions of power and mutual trust, few feel threatened. .
On the non-power cooperative attitude.
Based on distrust of others, that the non-power cooperation difficult to achieve. .
Solidarity is essential.
Change the social system approach. .
The overthrow of the archons.
Redistribution of power. .
。.
Korean group mentality, the Korean culture, a reflection of the high power distance index - often because of fear of authority and subordinates dare not express their views. This situation on the Korean Air, is often a co-pilot discovered a problem, but when he worked up the courage to mention the main driving time, have missed opportunity to resolve the problem. .
American power distance index is relatively low, while the lower the tendency of collectivism, the individualist tendency Supreme — they won't challenge authority, express themselves and excessive formality. The United States that a culture of individualism, speak is an advantage. The true inner feelings that you are a sincere and honest man; similar to Korea this social group most collectivist society, and others to direct confrontation is considered rude and inappropriate.
In fact, there are no absolute cultural strengths and weaknesses - U.S. and European officials to keep a low profile because of their culture in low power distance index to enable them to emphasize their natural identity, exercise their powers more effectively, so they will keep a low profile. Otherwise, their "trouble-making people" may be unwilling to accept - we even makes up a tour today, you pick your face. You know something interesting to put on a high-profile bureaucratic, the equivalent of his own pigtail initiative stuffed into a "trouble-making people" hands. .
Chinese officials of high-profile, since ancient times used mighty method of controlling people. Ancient heralding, today the police car. Cover because its power distance index is higher. We have repeatedly emphasized the authority and obedience, instead of communication and understanding.
A French spy junior officers Dreyfus was exiled to Devil's Island miscarriage of justice, known as the French national democratic traditions of justice and truth can not stand by power kill, held protests and demonstrations, the military and even preparation for riots. "Dreyfus case" set off the modern history of France a major political storm, almost to the brink of civil war in France reached, the prime minister resigned, the new cabinet under popular pressure to end injustice for the Dreyfus rehabilitated. .
In General, the Oriental culture under the influence of a higher power distance index, inequalities are typically responded by apathy or bear. While under the influence of Western culture produces a lower power distance index, "" awareness "and the rights of people enabling them to the distribution of power inequalities, with a strong resistance. De Lui Fox case reflects Western cultural awareness of individual rights is clearly weak, grade orientation. Such a miscarriage of justice resulting from ordinary Cabinet Government in the event of the fall of the Eastern culture society is not possible. Cross-cultural management Hofstede.
